Earlier today the July CPI report was released at the same time as the explosive Initial Claims report (we make no apology for concentrating on the latter in real time). Although CPI was in line with expectations at 2.0%, as was "core" CPI at 1.7%, and therefore will not have surprised the market it is still worth considering the possibility that we are close to a turning point in the inflationary cycle.

Almost 5 years ago at the time QE (or to be accurate CE) was introduced the few who noticed we dominated by "inflation hawks" who complained vociferously about monetary debasement. With several years of low to negative inflationary reports the link between overly generous monetary policy and a build up in inflationary pressures has become largely discredited, and to the extent inflation is a target for the US (and other central banks following the Bernanke Doctrine) it is because there is "not enough" of it present in the economy.

It is therefore interesting to note the stabilizing of CPI shown in this month's report, with the trailing 12 month ma bottoming at 1.70% over the last 4 months and now hinting at a move higher. We would not be surprised to now see a series of higher than expected reports going forwards.

Meanwhile US money supply growth continues to motor higher. M1 is growing at 11.6% YoY and has increased by almost 80% from its level at the start of Credit Easing, reaching $2.52 trln this week. M2 growth is currently 6.6% YoY, well above both the growth rate of GDP and that of CPI. Since September 2008 M2 has grown by approximately $3 trln, or 38%. Over this 5 year period the amount of media attention devoted to M2 has dropped off considerably (see chart) with monthly stories falling from between 800-1000 in the 2008-2010 period to around 400 stories a month today (see chart). We suspect we may be entering a period of greater discussion of both CPI and the influence of monetary growth upon it.

The last few weeks have been tough for home-building equities, which have been aggressively sold in response to the move higher by US interest rates. The release of the August NAHB Homebuilder Sentiment index has therefore come as relief since it suggests that conditions have continued to improve in the new home market even as interest rates have moved higher.

The Overall index (black) rose to 59 in August, the strongest reading since November 2005 and indicating a comfortable majority of builders surveyed have seen an improvement in conditions over the last month. The Present Sales index (red) rose to 63, the best level seen since January 2006 while Future Sales (blue) at 69 were the best since October 2005. Traffic (green) was static at 45, again keeping the trend intact whereby modest readings in this metric lead to a higher level of sales being generated. We note that following the release of the report the S15HOME index recovered from a sharp -3% loss and is now unchanged on the day but we suspect we will still need to see the New Home Sales data surpass or at least meet expectations to put a firm floor under this area of the market.

The Initial Claims report for W/E August 10th estimated Claims to have been 320K, well below expectations for 335K which matched last week's revised level. This substantial drop in Claims represents the lowest level recorded since October 2007 and continues the recent string of improving data from this report. The 4 week ma of claims fell to 332K, which is the lowest level since November 2007.

As the NSA chart shows this improvement in Claims has come at what is seasonally the toughest part of the year for the headline data and there is some reason to believe that an even sharper recovery in headline Claims may take place after Labor Day. Although the market continues to regard the BLS monthly Non-Farm report as the more senior data we have noticed that Claims data has started to get a little more respect in recent weeks, with the current very strong report causing a break-out at the long end of the US treasury curve to take place. Given that over time all US Labor statistics tend to converge it makes sense that the weekly (and we would argue historical more reliable trend indicator)is finally getting some respect.

The UK Retail Sales report for July continued the string of strong economic data with Total Sales Ex Autos rising 1.1% MoM (0.6% consensus) and 3.1% YoY (2.7% consensus). In addition the June report was nudged higher to a 0.3% monthly increase in activity.

As can be seen on the attached chart this takes the index of activity up to a new record high of 104.7 (2010 = 100) which constitutes a breakout from the congested range which has contained the index since it registered its prior cycle peak in 2008. Although we would always caution relying on a single month's data to draw conclusion the trailing 12 month ma has also risen to a new all time high of 102.2, compared to a level of 100.6 in July 2012. This at least demonstrates that a clear trend of improving retail sales has been established although it will take a few months to be sure of the strength of the recovery. Meanwhile the UK Gilt market seems to believe in the power of the recovery, with the 10 year yield moving up to 2.68% this morning, its highest level since 2011 (see chart).

The Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) has been one of the poorest performing currencies in recent weeks, dropping approximately -5.5% between May and August. Over this period the local central bank has raised interest rates while a series of currency interventions have been used to stem the slide. The release of July's FX reserves this morning shows the extent of this intervention, with the total falling by -$5.42 bln (-5.53%) to $92.67 bln. This follows a -$7.05 bln decline in June and means that since the start of 2012 FX reserves have fallen by -$16.11 bln, or -14.8%.

At their current level reserves are back to their November 2010 level and although this is far from a reserves crisis a drop of this magnitude can be expected to have a marked effect on local liquidity. This together with the increase in interest rates will have created substantially less friendly monetary conditions for the local economy, the effects of which can be expected to show up in economic and corporate data later in 2013.

Over the course of the last few weeks we have seen a number of studies comparing the level of NYSE Margin Debt Outstanding to that of the SPX index. The general argument being made in these studies is that the last two equity market peaks in 2000 and 2007 were accompanied by record amounts of outstanding margin debt and that given that the latter has just recorded a new all time high a reliable signal has been generated for the end of the current bull market.

We do not find this argument to be convincing, since it is lacking in both historical scale and an understanding of the relationship between the level of credit, the cost of credit and the value of the underlying asset being purchased.

Regarding the issue of timescale we have attached a chart that looks at the relationship between margin credit and the SPX index going back 50 years. As can be seen although peaks in the SPX index generally do coincide with peaks in NYSE margin debt there can be long periods of time during bull markets in which both measures push far into "blue sky" territory. This was true of the 1982 - 1987 bull run over which time the SPX approximately doubled in value while margin debt almost tripled and also the 1993 - 2000 period when the index increased from 440 to 1550 while margin debt increased from $61 bln to $279 bln.
Therefore the fact that both margin debt and the SPX have both recorded all time highs in recent weeks in itself tells us nothing about the future trajectory of either measures.

In order to look forward into the future we would suggest it makes sense to consider the value of the asset being leveraged and also the cost of servicing the debt. Regarding the former we would suggest that the EPS of the SPX index is a reasonable proxy for its "value" and we have attached a chart showing the ratio of NYSE Margin Debt to Total EPS of the SPX index (where the data goes back to 1993).

As can be seen there is a fairly constant range of values between 10,000 and 20,000 for this metric. For a brief period in the early 1990's the ratio was below 10,000 (meaning there was very little margin debt being used relative to SPX earnings) and in early 2009, when SPX earnings briefly collapsed the ratio shot up to 32.8K (we have deliberately cut off most of this spike to keep the scale relevant). Both the 2000 and 2007 peaks in the ratio came in at almost exactly 20,000 compared to the current reading just below 14,000. This would suggest that even if SPX earnings were to remain constant margin debt could be increased by about 40% before it reached the equivalent levels seen in 2000 and 2007.

Regarding the cost of debt service the divergence between 2013 and the prior two peaks is even more striking. Margin debt is typically priced off the Broker Call rate (BLR index on Bloomberg), which itself is priced off the FDTR. Its current yield of 2.00% compares with a 20 year average of 4.89%, a peak 2000 level of 8.25% and a peak 2007 level of 7.00%. We have attached a chart showing the cost of debt service using Broker Call which shows that the current cost of debt service is $7.53 bln, compared to the July 2007 peak of $26.70 bln and the March 2000 peak of $21.59 bln. Current debt service costs (in nominal terms) compare to November 2004 and May 1997 underlying the extreme affordability of the debt service burden.

Our expectation therefore is that margin debt expansion will remain in place until corporate earnings falter and/or the FRB finally starts to hike the FDTR by a significant amount. We do not expect to see either of these take place for a number of quarters making the current attention on margin debt considerably premature.

UK economic data continues to run well ahead of consensus with the July Unemployment Claimant Count falling by -29.2K, compared to expectations of a -15K decline. In addition June's report was revised lower from -21.2K to -29.4K, increasing the sense that a marked improvement in hiring has taken place. This data takes the 12 month ma of Claims down to -12.05K, which is the sharpest rate of improvement since January 2011, but still a little below the peak rate of improvement seen in late 2010. On the other hand Total Claimants are now 1441K, which is the lowest data seen since February 2009 indicating that for this metric at least the UK economy has improved beyond the level seen in the 2009/10 rebound.

If 2011 was the year of the Euro-crisis then 2013 is shaping up to be the year of "Euro-repair", with strong equity market returns being matched by much healthier peripheral sovereign credit markets. Indeed it is noticeable that although Spanish and Italian yields rose sharply in the May/June fixed income sell off, they have recovered the majority of their losses since the start of July. This is in stark contrast to the vast majority of global sovereign yields, including that of the emerging market complex.

This would appear to justify our conclusion made several weeks ago that the acceleration of economic activity within developed economy complex means that credit risk is very low but interest rate risk a (literally) rising threat. Safe haven credits such as the US, German and Switzerland benefit from credit risk but are undermined by interest rate risk, while the obverse is true of peripheral Europe, which are currently the only true "credit" bonds in the sovereign universe.

Since yields bottomed in early May the performance of German, French, Italian and Spanish Yields has been as follows:

May Low:

Germany 1.16%
France 1.66%
Italy 3.76%
Spain 4.04%

June Peak

Germany 1.80% (+74bp from May low)
France 2.45% (+79bp)
Italy 4.85% (+109 bp)
Spain 5.07% (+103 bp)

Current

Germany 1.80% (down -2 bp from June peak)
France 2.32% (down -13 bp)
Italy 4.15% (down -70 bp)
Spain 4.45% (down -62 bp)

In early May the German Bund traded at a spread of -260 bp to Italy and -288 to Spain. Today these spreads are -235 bp and -265 bp respectively. These still represent very attractive additional yields for those needing to clip coupons and we would not be surprised to see flows continue to benefit peripheral credits and penalize the safety trade where the yields on offer do not adequately compensate for the risk of negative total returns. Looking ahead a few weeks a German 10 year yield above 2.00% coinciding with an Italian yield below 4.00% does not look to be outlandish.

German investors are finally showing some appreciation of their local economic conditions with the ZEW Investor Sentiment poll seeing a sharp increase in both the Current and Expectations survey. The Current index rose to 18.3 from 10.6 in August, a sharp increase from last month's reading of 10.6 and just above the level of a year ago. Future Expectations were somewhat stronger, rising from 36.3 in July, which is a considerable improvement from the -25.5% reading seen in August 2012.

In our experience the former is the more useful index to follow since historically it has been a useful timing device for the DAX index with high readings in 2007 (88.7 in June) and 2011 (91.5 in May) marking important peaks in the index while important lows have coincided with almost universally negative sentiment (-96.1% in March 2003, -86.2 in February 2009. As with all indicators its record is not perfect, and the March 2000 poll only registered +21.6%, despite coming on the eve of the market's peak but we still regard it as a useful poll to follow.

At its current level the Current Conditions poll is registering only modest acceptance of positive conditions, which generally can be seen to be a bullish signal for the local equity index (provided the sentiment trend is improving). It would typically take a number of months for sentiment to rise to the sort of problematic levels that we would associate with a major market top, which would allow ample time for the DAX index to register a series of new highs well above that seen in May (8557.86).

Our view remains that perhaps the most surprising outcome this quarter will be European returns leading a strong overall quarter for developed markets, which would be an outcome that very few investors were set up to benefit from 6 weeks ago.

If the last note of India showed the argument for continued tight fiscal and monetary policy the simultaneous release of Industrial Production data (for June) and Car Sales (July) shows the deterioration on local activity that has in part been brought about by this tightening.

Industrial Production was estimated to have fallen by -2.2% YoY, double the expected -1.1% draw-down in activity, while May's report was revised sharply lower from -1.6% to -2.8%. It should be noted that this report pre-dates the significant tightening in monetary policy which took place in July and that India's interbank rates have risen by around 250 bp to between 10.30% (overnight) and 10.75% (3 month) since the end of June which can only be expected to have taken a further toll on activity. The 12 month trailing ma of Industrial Production remains modestly positive at 1.0%, underlining that there is little margin for further deterioration.

India's official car sales data for July suggests that local industrial activity will remain under pressure. Total Car Sales were 131K, a drop of -7.4% YoY and the lowest July sales since 2009. The 12 month ma of car sales dropped to 152K, which is -11.1% below the July 2012 level of this metric at 171K. Again given the continued tight monetary policy we would expect to see a further down-shift in activity in August's report.

India's trade report for July showed some improvement from the yawning gap of early 2013 with sharply lower oil imports down -8.2% YoY (India's crude prices are driven by Brent pricing) contributing to a -6.2% YoY drop in total imports to $38.16 bln. We would imagine that the recent tightening of regulations on gold imports will have also contributed significantly to this report, although it should be recognized that to some extent shutting off official channels means that some of the the prior official imports has been shifted into smuggling which of course will not be picked up in the report.

Exports grew by 11.64% YoY to reach 25.83 bln although it should be recognized that this still keeps activity below its July 2011 level. The Trade Balance was -$12.27 bln, which compares to the record July deficit of -17.48 bln seen in 2012. This takes the trailing 12 month ma of the deficit up to -$16.5 bln which remains an alarmingly high figure. Following the release of the report the Finance Minister announced plans to curb certain "non essential" imports including gold, silver and also curbs on crude oil. Although we understand the impetus for this policy we would be concerned that the activity will shift outside of official channels, which will result in improved official data but far less relief to the underlying capital flows.

India's CPI report was also released last night (as was industrial production and car sales which will be dealt with separately). CPI remains stubbornly high at 9.64%, which was marginally below expectations of 9.71% but still unacceptably high. The trailing 12 month ma of this relatively new metric (the data starts in January 2012) is 10.02%, which is one of the highest levels anywhere in the emerging market complex. Although India's Wholesale Inflation metric has improved substantially in recent months we are yet to see any evidence of this moving down the to retail prices.

Tokyo Condominium Sales experienced their best July sales since 2007 with 5306 units sold, an increase of 31.6% from July 2012. This takes the trailing 12 month ma of sales up to 4202 units, the highest level since July 2008. It would appear that a meaningful recovery in sales activity has taken place in the capital cities housing market, and although the extent to which this will develop into a broader national recovery remains open to question we do take encouragement from this trend.

China's broad economic activity reports show little impact from the recent credit shrinkage, which given their statistical inertia and the time lag for credit restrictions to take effect is not surprising.

Industrial Production (which we suspect is a heavily massaged data series) rose from 8.9% to 9.7% YoY, beating expectations of 8.9% growth. The YTD cumulative increase (see chart) is now 9.4%, up from 9.3% in June, which compares to growth of 10.3% in July 2012. Fixed Asset Investment growth remains much stronger at 20.1%, in line with expectations and just above its July 2012 level of 20.4%. Retail Sales were the only category to disappoint, increasing by 13.2% YoY, below expectations of 13.5% and June's growth rate of 13.3%. The YTD cumulative growth rate remained at 12.8% and this is somewhat below the July 2012 pace of 14.2% growth. We would not draw too many conclusions from this set of data and would continue to rely on corporate data points to judge Chinese activity.

Given our concerns about credit shrinkage we are also now returning to the real estate sector. Longer term readers may recognize the attached chart which we used in 2011 to track the difference between real estate sales (red) and completions (black). Although it is premature to expect much change in activity it helps to start looking at metrics such as these a little early. As can be seen real estate sales appear to be very healthy, up 27% YoY in terms of the Square Meters of real estate sold. This is well ahead of the pace of Real Estate Completions, which lag at 4.6% above the July 2012 level. In large part this mismatch is a correction of the period from mid 2011 to late 2012 when Completions ran far head of sales. Again the data shows no effect from credit shrinkage on either metric, which is unsurprising but no guarantee that this will remain the case in the months ahead.

China's monetary aggregates are much more sensitive to bank credit than other forms of financing and this means that at a time of great divergence between these two measures the usefulness of following money supply is somewhat diminished.

Even so it is a worthwhile exercise to keep an eye on monetary growth, which remains quite healthy at the level of M2 and acceptable for the more narrow categary of M1. M2 growth in July reached 14.5% YoY, above expectations of 14.0% and (unsurprisingly) close to the pace of bank credit growth at 14.3%. M1 growth bounced slightly to 9.70%, which keeps the spread between these two measures at -4.80%. As a reminder a negative spread implies credit growth is faster than liquidity growth, which has been the case in China for a number of quarters. In summary the July report shows little change from recent conditions, which makes sense given the stability of bank financing over recent months.

China's July data-dump was released this morning and we will discuss its various categories in three separate notes, the first dealing with credit data, the second monetary data and finally the economic activity measures for the month.

Of the three credit data would seem to be paramount, since it is most likely to drive future activity later this year and into 2014. As most readers will be aware the PBOC and new political administration have signaled a wish to constrain the role non-bank credit (or shadow banking) in the Chinese financial system and July's data mars the second month of very constrained non-bank financing.

Total Social (or Aggregate) Financing for July was 808.8 bln CNY ($132 bln), well below expectations of 925 bln CNY and June's level of 1,037 bln CNY (revised down from 1,040 bln CNY). This is the smallest level of Aggregate Financing since October 2011 and compares to a trailing 12 month ma of 1,491 bln CNY.

Bank Loans dominated Aggregate Financing making up 86.5% of the total at 699.9 bln CNY, close to the 12 month ma of 715 bln CNY and were above expectations of 640 bln CNY. Non-Bank Financing on the other hand plummeted to 108 bln CNY, its lowest level since September 2011 (when it actually contracted by -42.1 bln CNY) and this represents a decline of 92% from its March 2013 all time high.

In order to track this metric going forwards we are using a 6 month ma, which will smooth out the monthly fluctuations while soon eliminating some of the very powerful readings from early 2013. As of July this metric was 618 bln CNY, down from its April peak of 1025 bln, but still above its level last September during the run up to the explosion of shadow banking. We would suggest that 500 bln CNY demarcates "loose" from "tight" shadow banking, and base this on the average level of issuance since the start of 2009 (510 bln CNY). We therefore have had 2 tight months, but the large prior provision of credit is still having a beneficial effect.

In terms of the make-up of non bank credit we note that Bankers Acceptance Bills continued to contract at -178.3 bln CNY, the third consecutive month on shrinkage. Trust loan issuance was 107.4, down from 431.2 bln in March and 194 bln in April. We would ascribe this tightening directly to PBOC activity. However, in addition we note that corporate bond issuance has also collapsed, with July seeing a mere 46.1 bln CNY of issuance, a drop of 81% from activity in July 2012.

The destruction of the bond IPO market lies outside of the influence of the PBOC and has much more to do with the global rise in interest rates and reversal of previously rampant flows into emerging market fixed income (Chinese domestic flows were similarly enthusiastic earlier this year). It is important to understand that this represents a potent form of monetary tightening that is particularly relevant for corporate activity. If maintained for a number of months it threatens to impact both growth and credit performance.

In summary the July report meets our expectations. We are not surprised to see the official banking sector remain heavily active as a counterweight to the constraint on shadow banking. However, the sharp shrinkage of Aggregate Financing, if maintained for a number of months, can be expected to start to have a significant effect on portions of the Chinese economy going forwards. However, it will take a number of months for this to become apparent (we estimate at least 6 based on the experience of the US in 2007 after the sub-prime market shut down in late February), and the effects will be very unevenly spread throughout the economy.

On this basis market opinion got somewhat ahead of itself in early July, and we are not surprised to see a rebound in sentiment towards China now nothing bad has happened for a number of weeks. Again this is reminiscent of the "phony crisis" months of mid-2007 and we could continue to experience relatively calm conditions for a number of months longer before the market once more starts to obsess about the dangers of China's credit bubble.

We note that the weekly Bloomberg Consumer Comfort Index (previously known as the ABC poll) rose strongly from -27 to -23.5 this week, reaching its best level since January 2008. This is the latest consumer poll to suggest that a meaningful improvement in consumer sentiment has taken hold in recent weeks. In part we would ascribe this to a much stronger equity market (investment returns tend to have a strong influence on sentiment) but we also suspect that this is a response to a considerable improvement in employment prospects which has been picked up by the Initial Claims reports for the last few weeks.

Even so sentiment remains historically weak. At -23.5 the poll compares to a 2000/3 bear market low of -28 (recorded just after the SPX bottomed in March 2003) which matches the current trailing 10 week ma. Similarly the state of the US in mid-2013 is undoubtedly much better than it was at the start of 2008. We therefore do not think that sentiment's strong improvement has any "contrarian" warning contained within it and would simply take it as a mid-cycle confirmation that economic conditions for consumers have improved to a tangible degree in recent months.

China's trade report for July 2013 shows little sign of domestic deceleration, which is not surprising given that the PBOC's attempt to restrain credit has only been in operation for about 45 days. Total imports for July were $168.2 bln, a seasonal record and an increase of 10.9% YoY. The trailing 12 month ma of import growth remains more modest at 5.3% and given the volatility of monthly trade reports we would really rely on this slower moving metric to deliver a reliable signal. Given that a year ago it registered 14.0% it can be seen that a considerable slowdown in import growth has taken place over this period.

Export activity reached $186 bln, which is also a seasonal record and an increase of 5.1% YoY. The 12 month ma of export growth is now 9.6%, compared to 12% in July 2012 although it should be remembered that this metric includes around 9 months of data which were heavily inflated by an artificial surge in exports to Hong Kong.

Regarding the latter, although growth in exports to Hong Kong grew by a much more reasonable 2.3% YoY the level of exports has never been adjusted to correct for the alleged fraudulent documentation. As can be seen on the attached chart exports to Hong Kong were $27 bln in July and have averaged $32 bln over the last 12 months. This compares with a July 2011 (which we assume predated the export scheme) average of $21 bln and if one believes that the 2012 data was heavily corrupted by fraudulent practice then we should have seen a sharp draw-down in the level of exports to Hong Kong when it was brought to a halt.

Although this would have little impact on exports to the rest of the world (which admittedly show signs of improvement) it would produce a substantially smaller Trade Balance for China than the $17.82 bln which is included in the report. This in turn would have ramifications for the speed of build up on FX reserves at the PBOC which under current monetary policy still remains the main motor of domestic liquidity creation.

Last week's very low Initial Claims report looks a little more reliable since this week's estimation of Initial Claims came in at 333K, just below expectations of 335K, while last week's data was nudged higher to 328K from 326K. This took the trailing 4 week ma of Claims down sharply to 335.5K, its lowest reading since November 2007.

As the attached NSA chart makes clear this is the toughest period of the year for Claims on a seasonal basis which increases the significance of the decline. NSA Claims were estimated at 286.7K, which is the best report for the first week in August since 2007. Interestingly the gap between the NSA and Headline data is 46.3K, which is the smallest seasonal adjustment over the prior 10 years for this particular week. The average seasonal adjustment over this 10 year period is 61K, which would have created a substantially lower headline print of around 320K. We have seen before that when seasonal adjustments move away from the average they tend to mean revert, and it is therefore possible that Claims data will get a little further help from this process later in the year.

In any event this week continues the well established trend of substantially better Claims data, which does bring into question the modest reduction of payroll gains shown in July's non-farm payroll report.

The Lloyds TSB Employment Confidence Index is the UK equivalent to the Conference Board employment survey, and measures the net response to the question: "DO YOU THINK EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS IN THE UK IN GENERAL ARE BETTER OR WORSE THAN 12 MONTHS AGO?".

We note a very sharp improvement in the tone of responses has taken place in recent months with July's poll rising by 11% to -22%. This is best reading in this survey since September 2007 (ironically right on the eve of the financial crisis). Although we do view consumer sentiment polls as contrary indicators at extremes, it is hard to argue that a -22% reading is unreasonably bullish, and while trending through a "normal" range consumer sentiment tends to be a decent real time confirmation signal of actual economic trends. Viewed in this light July's poll suggests that the UK economy has improved to the point that there are tangible signs of improvement for the average consumer.

The July release of the SNB's balance sheet shows that the central bank remains fully focused on its interventionist exchange rate policy since even though the €/CHF exchange rate has lifted off the 1.20 level and averaged 1.236 over the course of July the FX reserve holdings remained almost unchanged at 434.9 bln CHF when they had been expected to drop to 431 bln.

This determination to (over)stay the course is typical of the mood being shown by most of the developed central banks, who have reacted to the steady rise of longer term yields (the Swiss 10 year yield almost doubled in Q2, reaching 1.05% in late June) by re-iterating a determination to keep policy at extremely generous levels (the opposite is true of the emerging market complex, where policy has generally been tightened to defend currencies).

In Switzerland's case one concern has been consumer price deflation, with the CPI index falling each month since October 2011. July finally brought this string of negative releases to an end, with CPI unchanged over the course of the last year and clearly now trending higher. As we pointed out earlier this week, House Price Inflation (HPI) has been much more positive over this 21 month period, and given the experience of the late 1980's and early 1990's this should perhaps be concerning to the SNB.

As the attached chart shows a prolonged period of HPI (admittedly then running at substantially higher levels than today) presaged a surge in CPI, which reached a very un-Swiss 6.6% in mid-1991 even as house prices started to fall sharply. Given the continued generosity of the SNB we would expect to see HPI continue to accelerate from this point on and to be joined in this upward march by CPI, although the latter's gains will remain in low single digits for a while longer. At some point in time a fairly abrupt change in monetary policy can be anticipated, although we would assume that this still remains several months into the future.

Germany's Factory Order data has the same pattern to that of the UK and Italy, although the actual numbers are substantially more encouraging since Germany had a much more powerful post-Lehman rebound in 2010 (April 2010 saw peak recovery of 30.1% YoY) and a much less traumatic Eurocrisis decline in 2012 (see chart).

June's data brought the latter to an end, with Manufacturing Orders rising 4.3% YoY for the first annual gain since October 2011 and the largest increase since July 2011. The 12 month ma is still in negative territory at -1.6% but this can be expected to push back into positive territory later in 2013. Orders remain about 9% below their June 2011 recovery peak again suggesting there is plenty of room for further improvement.

The pattern of UK economic data like that of most other European countries is pointing to a recovery from the Euro-crisis torpor, although in the UK's case there is the added spice of a real estate market that is starting to show clear signs of acceleration too, with the Halifax House Price index showing annual gains of 4.3% YoY this morning..

Other signs of a reinvigorated consumer were provided by New Car Registrations, which grew in July by 12.7% YoY (see chart). The 12 month ma of this metric is 9.4% showing that a clear trend of recovery in car sales has taken hold. In terms of the number of registrations these have averaged 180.7K over the last 12 months, the best pace since October 2008.

Meanwhile the industrial and manufacturing sectors also seemed to have turned the corner. June saw the first positive YoY report for Industrial Production (1.2%) since February 2011. Manufacturing Production (see chart) rose 1.9% MoM in June, well above expectations of 1.0%. This took the 12 month change into positive territory at 2%, the highest reading since June 2011 and suggesting that further improvement can be expected in the months ahead.

Italy's economic data increasingly points to an economy climbing out of a recessionary hole with this morning's Q2 GDP report estimating the economy shrank -0.2% QoQ, the smallest decline since Q3 2011 and somewhat better than expectations of a -0.4% decline (See chart).

A similar picture is emerging in the narrower world of Industrial Production. This grew 0.3% in June meaning that on a WDA basis it has declined by -2.1% YoY, rather better than the -3.5% consensus. The 12 month ma of this metric has recovered to -5%, still a steep draw-down but rather better than the -6.5% pace of decline seen in December 2012. We would hope to see a string of positive YoY numbers released in the month's ahead as Italy's Industrial sector starts to lift activity off the current floor which is marginally below the 2008/9 maximum draw-down.

The quarterly US Loan Officer Survey continues to show a modest loosening of lending standards. Out of 72 total respondents (a record for the 16 year quarterly survey) 0 banks reported "All Tightening" (black) for the 15th consecutive quarter. 1 Bank reported "Tightened Somewhat" (red), the first bank to do so since October 2012. By far the largest proportion of respondents at 57 reported "Same Conditions" (orange), up from 55 last survey. 13 banks reported standards had been "Eased Somewhat", equaling the record set last quarter and back in May 2004 and February and May 2005. 1 bank reported that they had "Eased Considerably" (dark blue) a relatively rare category that has not been seen since August 2004 and 2005 when again 1 bank reported this category.

In other words the tone of the survey is equivalent to that seen at the height of the last housing boom, which suggests that banks are being rather more generous with their credit allocation than most would imagine. This does not mean that we have already reached the point that banks are being reckless in their lending behavior, since it is important to understand that since this report asks about the CHANGE in standards rather than their absolute level. We would however expect bank credit to start to accelerate from this point on, particularly in the C&I portion of their business since the recent rise in interest rates has served to make bank loans somewhat more competitive with the bond market as a source of corporate financing.

We note the very strong performance of the regional bank sector in recent weeks, suggesting that the equity market is starting to price in a period of significantly faster credit growth for this group.

The ISM Non Manufacturing Index rose sharply to 56 in July, comfortably beating expectations of 53.1. Coming in the middle of a long period of expansion a reading in the mid-50's represents a measurable re-acceleration of activity, and it is notable that this is the best July reading since 2005, which of course was right at the top of the last housing boom.

We strongly suspect that the belated appearance of the traditional seasonal surge in spring time real estate sales has been a meaningful influence on the data, although whatever the cause the pop in the index is further confirmation that the 3rd quarter is off to a strong start.

In terms of the sub indexes the Business Activity index was 60.4 (best since December 2012) while New Orders were 57.7 (Best since February 2013). Again this underlines the robust nature of the report. We also note that Prices Paid were 60.1 (again the highest since February 2013) suggesting some increase in pricing power for the service sector.

The UBS Swiss Real Estate Bubble Index pushed further into "Risk" territory (which is defined as a reading between 1 and 2), with the Q2 2013 reading hitting 1.20%, its highest level since Q3 1991 (when the last bubble was deflating rapidly) and equivalent to the Q4 1987 level on the way higher.

26 years ago the SNB was spooked by the October crash in US and other developed equity markets, causing it to keep rates inappropriately low for its own economy. Since 2011 the specter of the Eurocrisis has dominated policy, with a rigid defense of the 1.20 floor for EUR/CHF exchange rate causing a massive increase in the monetary base while interest rates have been kept at rock bottom level (and market rates have fallen into negative territory).

The response of the local housing market has been exactly what would have been expected, with prices pushing into record territory. The current pace of price increases for Single Family homes is 5.50% and although this may seem like a fairly modest pace of growth historically price increases above 6.50% are fairly rare (see chart) and have typically been followed by short bursts of very fast inflationary bursts. With no obvious sign that the SNB is about to start mopping up the excess liquidity in the Swiss financial system the odds of a further acceleration in HPI would seem to be fairly high.

July's Non Farm Payroll report will probably please most market participants since it was weak enough to relieve some of the pressure on the beleaguered bond market but not so weak that it will be viewed as troubling for the equity market. From our own perspective it is well within the range of outcomes that would support our view of a strengthening employment cycle, although we would admit that it lacks some of the zip of the May and June reports.

Total Non Farm Payroll additions were estimated at 162K, below expectations of 185K but not meaningfully so. May and June's reports were revised down by a total of -26K and are now 176K and 188K (June's is subject to a further revision next month). This takes the trailing 12 month ma of payrolls up slightly to 189.7K, its highest level since March 2012 and is identical to the 12 month pace of gains seen in September 2006 (right in the middle of the FOMC rate hike cycle).

Private Sector gains were estimated at 161K vs 195K consensus and this data was also revised lower by -26K in May and June to 187K and 196K respectively. This takes the trailing 12 month ma down slightly to 192.9K (see chart) which is equivalent to the pace of job creation seen in Q2 2006.

The Household Survey showed gains of 227K, allowing the tailing 12 month ma to rise to 170K. As we have discussed before this is a much more erratic measure of employment (see chart) but since it drives the Unemployment rate (along with assumptions about births, deaths and participation rates) it now needs to be monitored. The Unemployment Rate itself formed the strongest data point in the report, falling from 7.6% to 7.4%, the lowest rate since December 2008.

As the attached chart shows over the last 12 months the Unemployment Rate has fallen by 0.8% and is now 0.7% lower than it was at the time of Chairman Bernanke's Jackson Hole speech. Should this trend be maintained we would see Unemployment hit the FOMC 6.5% guideline sometime next summer, well ahead of schedule. Even though the FOMC has been at pains to make clear that it will not be bound by a single number in making its decision to change monetary policy the economic arguments behind the continuance of QE3 and the entire experiment of unorthodox monetary policy are becoming more threadbare by the day.

Spain appears to be very close to making the transition between rising and falling unemployment, and in fact this vital pivot point may already have taken place although the positive seasonal factors caused by tourism at this time of year make it hard to be certain.

As we have argued several times before (most recently with regards to Ireland) the point at which employment gains start to make themselves felt is much more important than most observers realize, even when the prevailing rate of unemployment is higher than is generally acceptable (as is the case in both Spain and Ireland today). This is because it is at this point that the confidence of those left with a job starts to recover as their own personal risk of lay off recedes, and also because a drop of unemployment by definition means an increase of wage earners, with obvious implications for overall economic activity.

In terms of July's data Unemployment fell by -64.9K and although this was slightly less than consensus expectations of -75K the massive June drop (-127K) probably included some front loading of July employment. Even so this is the best July data since 2010 and allows the 12 month ma to fall to 9.28K, the lowest level since December 2007. We do believe that this metric will fall into negative territory (signaling a YoY gain in employment) later in 2013.

As for the number of unemployed this remains very elevated at 4698K, although this is down from the February 2013 peak of 5040K it is still 2.4% higher than the level of July 2012. On the other hand this rate of increase is itself the smallest since August 2007, again suggesting that we are very close to the point that Spain's economy becomes a reliable provider of new employment.

Italy's New Car Registrations for July dropped by a mere -1.92% from their level of 2012. Although this still represents a decline in activity it is a substantial improvement from the degree of demand destruction that has been taking place over the last 18 months (the trailing 12 month ma of this metric is -13.93%) and we would hope to see this data series push into positive territory over the coming months.

In terms of the degree of demand destruction that has taken place in recent years the 12 month ma of car registrations is 109.3K compared to a prior cycle peak over 200K. If even 50% of this draw down were to be recovered it would involve a 50% increase in current activity. There is of course no assurance that this will take place, but we tend to believe in the cyclicality of industries such as vehicular transportation and would hope that the bottoming of demand is followed by a period of significant recovery.

The ISM Manufacturing Report for July 2013 is a very strong set of data that suggests that a new leg higher for the industrial sector may have commenced in recent weeks. We suspect the turn in the housing construction cycle is behind this new surge in activity and although we would always caution against reading too much into any single monthly report the strength of some of the sub indexes would survive even a substantial give back in next month's report and still be suggestive of an accelerating economy.

The overall index rose to 55.4, the highest level since June 2011. It should be borne into mind that because this is a diffusion index these two readings are not strictly comparable, and a later cycle reading of this magnitude is much more impressive than the growth of 2 years ago when the deep draw-down's in much of the industrial sector from the prior cycle higher were still in effect.

Even more impressive was the increase in New Orders (red) to 58.3, the highest reading since April 2011. Production was even more impressive at 65, which remarkably is the strongest reading since April 2004, thus beating even the strong 2009-10 period in recovery. Again we would stress that coming 4 years into a recovery readings of this magnitude are quite unusual (although we suspect that 65 may be a slight overstatement of underlying activity).

As would be expected under these circumstances Inventory (olive) remained in draw-down mode at 47, while Employment (pink) rose to 54.4, the best level since June 2012. Overall this report is about as good a set of data as anyone could have imagined and certainly suggests that the manufacturing sector remains in a strong recovery.