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Bernanke Refusal to Buy Genworth Commercial Paper Burdens Banks
2008-11-13 05:01:01.6 GMT
By Bryan Keogh
Nov. 13 (Bloomberg) -- Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S.
Bernanke's decision to deny commercial paper financing to all
but the highest-rated borrowers is forcing some companies to
seek the credit of last resort, backstop loans.
Whirlpool Corp., American Electric Power Co. and AGL
Resources Inc. chose to tap emergency bank lines negotiated
before the credit crisis began rather than pay twice as much on
commercial paper. The defections helped shrink sales of the IOUs
in the past two weeks to the lowest in more than two years.
``You've got all these people taking loans that don't want
loans. They want CP,'' said Christopher Low, New York-based
chief economist at FTN Financial, a unit of Tennessee's largest
bank. ``All of these programs have had unintended consequences
elsewhere. Every time the government elevates one class of debt
it displaces another.''
The $1.6 trillion market for commercial paper, which is
used to finance everything from payroll to power, was one of the
few funding options still available as the corporate bond market
froze and yields soared to the highest in almost two decades.
Federal Reserve buying of 90-day commercial paper began
Oct. 27 as part of an effort to unlock the market, which seized
up in September after Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. filed for
bankruptcy. Purchases were restricted only to debt rated A-1 or
A-1+ by Standard & Poor's, P-1 by Moody's Investors Service or
F1 or F1+ by Fitch Ratings.
Three Alternatives
The limit gave investment-grade companies in the second
tier of ratings, with about $80 billion of the debt, few
alternatives. They could continue to pay record rates relative
to benchmarks, sell bonds at the highest yields since 1990 or
turn to their emergency credit facilities.
Lower-rated corporations taking out loans may add costs for
banks already reeling from almost $1 trillion of writedowns and
loan losses since the credit crisis began in 2007.
When bank lines are tapped, the obligation moves onto
balance sheets, requiring financial firms to set aside even more
capital to offset the liability. Lenders will be reluctant to
refinance current revolvers at similar rates when they come due
in two or three years.
Hotel Loan
Marriott International Inc., the biggest U.S. hotel chain,
borrowed $900 million on a revolving loan to repay commercial
paper, the first time the Bethesda, Maryland-based company has
drawn it down since September 2001.
The credit line costs 0.35 percentage point over the three-
month London interbank offered rate, or 2.48 percent, about half
the market average on seven-day CP of 4.84 percent. Libor is the
rate at which banks in London are willing to lend money to each
other.
``I just feel a little bit better having the cash in my
pocket,'' Laura Paugh, senior vice president of investor
relations at Marriott told analysts during an Oct. 15 conference
call. ``I don't have to worry about rolling over the commercial
paper.''
American Electric, the biggest U.S. producer of electricity
from coal, borrowed about $600 million in September and $1.4
billion in October under two revolving credit facilities to pay
off $400 million of commercial paper and ensure it has cash to
repay debt coming due, Chief Financial Officer Holly Koeppel
said. The company is rated A-2/P-2.
The revolving debt, which matures in 2011 and 2012, costs
about 3 percent to 4 percent, compared with about 6 percent for
30-day paper. ``It's cheaper than any other money out there,''
Koeppel said.
`First Step'
Rates will probably come down for second-tier borrowers as
the central bank increases lending and money-market funds worry
less about redemptions with the start of another Fed program
later this month. That will free them to take more risk, Low
said.
``The first step is comfort level with the higher-rated
issuers,'' said Diane Vazza, head of global fixed income at
Standard & Poor's in New York. ``To the extent that investors
start to feel comfortable, they'll tiptoe back in to pick up
some incremental yield on that next tier of rated companies. But
that's going to take time.''
At least $80.6 billion of the market is considered ``tier-
two'' because it's rated A-2, P-2 or F2, according to Fed data.
About $1.3 trillion is tier one and the rest is either rated
lower or doesn't fit either category for another reason.
Genworth Plunge
Genworth Financial Inc., the Richmond, Virginia-based
insurer spun off by General Electric Co., lost more than half
its value after Moody's Investors Service cut the short-term
debt rating one step to P-2 on Nov. 10, leaving the company
ineligible for Fed commercial-paper purchases, according to a
regulatory filing.
Money-market funds, the biggest buyers of commercial paper,
are still reluctant to lend for more than a few days to tier-two
companies, forcing issuers to come to the market almost daily
and pay some of the highest spreads on record. Money-market
funds facing record redemptions are holding onto U.S. Treasury
bills and restricting commercial paper lending to the safest
borrowers.
``It doesn't matter how wide the spread gets, I'm not going
to be buying,'' said David Glocke, head of taxable money markets
at Vanguard Group Inc. in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, who
manages $140 billion in assets.
The Fed is unable to buy tier-two companies' commercial
paper because the ``law requires we be adequately secured,''
Bernanke said during an Oct. 20 House Budget Committee hearing.
Tier-two borrowers issued $21.5 billion of commercial paper
last week, following 20.6 billion the week before, the slowest
full week since February 2006 and half the total three months
ago, Fed data show.
Paying a Penalty
Since Oct. 7, when the Fed announced the program, offer
rates on tier-two 30-day paper increased 0.12 percentage point
to 5.64 percent on Nov. 10, or a record 4.1 percentage points
more than one-month Libor, according to data compiled by
Bloomberg.
Yields for borrowers one step higher plunged 3.28
percentage points to 0.88 percent, or 0.66 percentage point less
than Libor. That implies a penalty of 4.76 percentage points for
the lower rating, compared with 0.5 percentage point in May and
0.07 two years ago.
AGL Resources Inc., the owner of Atlanta's natural gas
utility, has repaid commercial paper by tapping a bank line with
an interest rate of 28 basis points over one-month Libor, or
about 1.69 percent. That compared with 5 percent to 6 percent
for overnight commercial paper for the A-2 rated borrower, Chief
Financial Officer Andrew Evans said.
Whirlpool, the world's largest appliance maker, borrowed
$800 million from a credit line to pay off outstanding
commercial paper, opting to exit the market because of
``uncertainty concerning access,'' according to an Oct. 31
filing. The company, rated A-2/P-2, said the revolver has a rate
of 0.35 percentage point over Libor.
``If the market remains difficult for another couple of
weeks, I think you will see an increasing number of companies
turn to alternative financing,'' Low said.
For Related News:
More on commercial paper: TNI US CP <GO>
Fed actions in credit markets: STNI FEDFACILITIES <GO>
Top bond news: TOP BON <GO>
--With reporting by Brad Keoun in New York and Timothy R. Homan
in Washington. Editors: Emma Moody, William Glasgall
To contact the reporter on this story:
Bryan Keogh in New York at +1-212-617-5117 or
[email protected]To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Emma Moody at +1-212-617-3504 or
[email protected]